Lyndon B. Johnson Biography
The following biography
is from
Wikipedia.org
“The
Free Encyclopedia.”
Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908 –
January 22, 1973), often referred to as LBJ, was the 36th President of
the United States (1963–1969). After serving a long career in the U.S.
Congress, Johnson became the thirty-seventh Vice President; in 1963, he
succeeded to the presidency following President John F. Kennedy's
assassination. He was a major leader of the Democratic Party and as
President was responsible for the passage of key civil rights
legislation and Medicare as well as the acceleration of the war in
Vietnam. In 1968 his political career ended when, faced with huge
opposition to the Vietnam war, he announced that he would not seek
re-election.
****
Early years
Johnson was born in Stonewall, Texas on
August 27, 1908 in a small farmhouse in a poor area on the Pedernales
River. His parents, Samuel Ealy Johnson and Rebekah Baines, had three
girls and two boys: his sisters Rebekah (1910-1978), Josefa (1912-1961),
Lucia (1916-1997) And LBJ and Sam Houston. Johnson attended public
schools and graduated from Johnson City High School in 1924.
In 1927, Johnson enrolled in Southwest
Texas State Teachers' College (now Texas State University-San Marcos).
He worked his way through school, participated in debate and campus
politics, edited the school newspaper, and graduated in the 1930's.
Robert Caro devoted several chapters of The Path to Power, the first
volume of his biography The Years of Lyndon Johnson, to detailing how
Johnson's years at San Marcos cemented his skills in persuasion that he
would use to great effect in his political life. This was complemented
by his humbling experience of taking a year off from college, where he
taught mostly Mexican immigrants at the Welhausen School in Cotulla,
Texas. When he returned to Southwest State Teachers' College in 1965,
after having signed the Higher Education Act, Johnson looked back fondly
on this experience:
"I shall never forget the faces of the boys
and the girls in that little Welhausen Mexican School, and I remember
even yet the pain of realizing and knowing then that college was closed
to practically every one of those children because they were too poor.
And I think it was then that I made up my mind that this Nation could
never rest while the door to knowledge remained closed to any American."
(Source: Johnson Library)
Entering politics
Soon after he graduated from college,
Johnson taught public speaking and debate in a Houston high school.
However, he soon quit his job teaching and went into the field of
politics. Johnson's father had served five terms in the Texas
legislature and was a close friend to one of Texas's rising political
figures, Congressman Sam Rayburn. In 1931, Johnson campaigned for Texas
state senator Welly Hopkins in his run for Congress. Hopkins rewarded
Johnson by recommending him to congressman Richard Kleberg. Johnson was
then appointed as Kleberg's legislative secretary and elected the
youngest speaker of the "Little Congress", a group of Washington
legislative aides. As secretary, Johnson became acquainted with people
of influence, found out how they had reached their positions, and gained
their respect for his abilities. Johnson's friends soon included some of
the men who worked around President Franklin D. Roosevelt, as well as
fellow Texans such as Vice President John Nance Garner.
During his tenure as secretary, Johnson met
Claudia Alta Taylor (generally known as Lady Bird), a young woman from
Karnack, Texas. After only a short period of dating, the two were
married on November 17, 1934. Johnson actually proposed to her within 24
hours of meeting her. The couple later had two daughters, Lynda Bird,
born in 1944, and Luci, born in 1947. It should be noted that Johnson
loved to give everything his own initials. His daughters' given names
are examples, as was his dog later in life (Little Beagle Johnson).
In 1935, Johnson became the head of the
Texas National Youth Administration. His new post enabled him to use the
powers of government to find educational and job opportunities for young
people. The position in effect enabled him to build political pull with
his constituents. He served as the head for two years, only resigning to
run for Congress. Johnson was a notoriously tough boss with his
employees throughout his career, often demanding long workdays and work
on weekends; he worked as much as they did, if not more.
Member of Congress
In 1937, Johnson ran for Congress in a
special election for the 10th Congressional District of Texas to
represent Austin, Texas and the surrounding Hill Country. He ran on a
New Deal platform and was effectively aided by his wife, Lady Bird
Johnson.
President Roosevelt showed a personal
interest in the young Texan from the time he entered Congress. Johnson
was immediately appointed to the Naval Affairs Committee, a job that
carried high importance for a freshman congressman. He also worked for
rural electrification and other improvements for his district. In 1941,
Johnson ran for the U.S. Senate in a special election against the
sitting governor of Texas, radio personality W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel.
Though Johnson was expected to win, he was defeated by controversial
late returns in an election marked by massive fraud on the part of both
campaigns. During his last campaign, he promised that he would serve in
the military should war break out; in December 1941, the U.S. entered
World War II.
War record
Most capsule biographies of American
Presidents of the latter half of the twentieth century include a single
line about their respective service during World War II. Many of those
about LBJ reflect the line given for the year 1942 in Johnson Library
online biography: "Johnson received the Silver Star from General Douglas
MacArthur for gallantry in action during an aerial combat mission over
hostile positions in New Guinea on June 9."
On June 20, 1940, the Burke-Wadsworth bill
was introduced to Congress to institute the first peacetime draft. The
very next day Congressman Johnson received his appointment in the Naval
Reserve, which would exempt him from the draft — signed into law in
September as the Selective service and training act of 1940, initiated
in November. After America entered the war a year later, Johnson asked
Undersecretary of the Navy James Forrestal for a noncombatant
assignment-- and was sent to inspect the shipyard facilities in Texas
and on the West Coast.
By the spring, Johnson’s constituents in
Texas were eager to hear about their Congressman's activities on the war
front. In addition, he was looking to fulfill his 1940 campaign pledge
to "fight in the trenches" should America enter the war, so he again
pressed his contacts in the Administration to find a new assignment--
this time, closer to a combat zone. President Roosevelt needed his own
reports on what conditions were like in the Southwest Pacific--he felt
information that flowed up the military chain of command needed to be
supplemented by a highly trusted political aide. From a suggestion by
Forrestal, President Roosevelt assigned Johnson to a three-man survey
team of the Southwest Pacific. Johnson left for Melbourne and reported
to General Douglas MacArthur. The observers were sent to Garbutt Field
in Queensland, home of the 22nd Bomb Group. The bombers' missions
targeted the Japanese air base at Lae on the conquered part of the
island of New Guinea. The military commanders felt that there was no
need for outside observers--which underscored Roosevelt's point--but
Johnson insisted. The B-26 he flew on was attacked by Japanese Zero
fighter-planes during the mission, and upon returning to Melbourne and
reporting back to MacArthur, the General awarded the Congressman and the
other surviving observer the Silver Star, the military's third-highest
medal. Johnson reported back to Roosevelt, to the Navy leaders, and to
Congress, that conditions were deplorable--totally unacceptable. Using
all his persuasive skills Johnson argued the theatre urgently needed a
higher priority and a bigger share of war supplies. The warplanes sent
there, for example, were "far inferior" to Japanese planes, and morale
was bad. On July 16, he told Navy Under Secretary Forrestal the Pacific
Fleet had a "critical" need for 6800 additional experienced men. Johnson
prepared a twelve-point program to upgrade the entire effort in the
region, stressing "greater cooperation and coordination within the
various commands and between the different war theatres." Congress
responded by making Johnson chairman of a high-powered subcommittee of
the Naval Affairs committee. With a mission similar to that of the
Truman Committee in the Senate, he probed into the peacetime "business
as usual" inefficiencies that permeated the entire naval war, and
demanded admirals shape up and get the job done. Johnson went too far
when he proposed a bill that would crack down on the draft exemptions of
shipyard workers if they had too many abstentions. Organized labor
blocked the bill immediately and denounced Johnson. Johnson's mission
thus had a significant impact in upgrading the South Pacific theater in
Washington's calculations, and in helping along the entire naval war
effort.
Some political enemies charged that
Johnson's efforts during the war were trivial and his self-promotion
afterward was inappropriate. A month after this incident, President
Roosevelt ordered members of Congress serving in the military to return
to their offices. Of eight members then serving, four agreed to resign
from the armed forces; four resigned from Congress. Johnson returned to
Washington, and continued to serve in the House of Representatives
through 1949. As Johnson's leading biographer concludes, "The mission
was a temporary exposure to danger calculated to satisfy Johnson's
personal and political wishes, but it also represented a genuine effort
on his part, however misplaced, to improve the lot of America's fighting
men." [Dallek, Lone Star Rising 237]
Senate years
In 1948, Johnson again ran for the Senate
and this time won. This election was highly controversial: a three-way
Democratic Party primary left Johnson in a run-off with former governor
Coke Stevenson. Johnson campaigned very hard and won by only 87 votes
out of a million cast. Stevenson contested the vote count. There were
allegations that Johnson's campaign manager, John Connally, was
connected with 202 ballots in Jim Wells County that had curiously been
cast in alphabetical order.). In Robert A. Caro's 1989 book Means of
Ascent, he argued that Johnson had rigged the election not only there,
but at least 10,000 ballots in Bexar County alone. In the federal court
case arising from the election, Johnson hired Abe Fortas to represent
him. Fortas persuaded U.S. Supreme Court justice Hugo Black to dissolve
the federal injunction nullifying Johnson's runoff victory. Johnson went
on to win the general election, but the Texas media sardonically
nicknamed him "Landslide Lyndon" in reference to his bout with
Stevenson. Fortas was later appointed to the Supreme Court of the United
States by Johnson.
Once in the Senate, Johnson immediately
sought power. Johnson was known among his colleagues for his highly
successful "courtships" of older senators, especially Senator Richard
Russell, patrician leader of the Conservative coalition and arguably the
most powerful man in the Senate. Johnson, always at his best when
working one-on-one, proceeded to gain Russell's favor in the same way as
he had "courted" Speaker Sam Rayburn and gained his crucial support in
the House.
Johnson was appointed to the Armed Services
Committee, and later in 1950, he helped create the Preparedness
Investigating Subcommittee. Johnson became its chairman and conducted a
number of investigations of defense costs and efficiency. These
investigations—couched in headline-grabbing phraseology but largely
devoid of substance—tended to recycle old investigations and demand
actions that were already being taken by the Truman administration.
However, Johnson's brilliant strategic leaks, his overall manipulation
of the press, the incredible speed at which his committee issued new
reports (less incredible considering the recycled content), and the fact
that he ensured every report was endorsed unanimously by the committee
all got him headlines and national attention.
Senate Democratic leader
In 1953, he was chosen by his fellow
Democrats to be the minority leader. Thus, he became the youngest man
ever named to the post by either major political party. One of his first
actions was to eliminate the seniority system in appointment to a
committee, while retaining it in terms of chairmanships. In 1954,
Johnson was re-elected to the Senate and since the Democrats won the
majority in the Senate, Johnson became majority leader. His duties were
to schedule legislation and help pass measures favored by the Democrats.
He, Rayburn and President Dwight D. Eisenhower worked smoothly together,
in passing Eisenhower's domestic and foreign agenda. Historians Caro and
Dallek consider him the most effective Senate Majority Leader in
history.
Vice Presidency
Johnson's success in the Senate made him a
possible Democratic presidential candidate. He was Texas' "favorite son"
candidate at the party's national convention in 1956. In 1960, Johnson
received 409 votes on the first and only ballot at the Democratic
convention which nominated John F. Kennedy.
During the convention, Kennedy designated
Johnson as his choice for vice president. Some later reports (such as
Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.) say that Kennedy offered the position to
Johnson as a courtesy, and did not expect him to accept. Others (such as
W. Marvin Watson) say that the Kennedy campaign was desperate to get
Johnson on the ticket to help carry Southern voters. In the November
1960 election the Kennedy/Johnson duo beat Richard M. Nixon and Henry
Cabot Lodge, Jr. by a narrow margin.
After the election Johnson was powerless.
Kennedy and his senior advisors rarely consulted the Texan, and
prevented him from assuming the vital role that the previous Vice
President, Nixon, had played in energizing the state parties. Kennedy
appointed him to nominal jobs such as head of the President's Committee
on Equal Employment Opportunities, which led him to work with blacks and
other minorities. Johnson took on numerous minor diplomatic missions,
which gave him limited insights into international issues. He was
allowed to observe Cabinet and National Security meetings. Kennedy did
give Johnson control over all presidential appointments involving Texas.
The best position was chairman of the President's Ad Hoc Committee for
Science. When in April 1961 the U.S.S.R. beat the U.S. with the first
manned spaceflight Kennedy tasked Johnson with coming up with a
'scientific bonanza' that would prove world leadership. Johnson knew
that Project Apollo and an enlarged NASA were feasible, so he steered
the recommendation towards a crash program for landing an American on
the moon.
Presidential Campaign
On September 7, 1964 a campaign ad often
referred to as Daisy aired during the Movie of the Week in favor of the
then presidential candidate Johnson. It is considered a prominent factor
in Lyndon Johnson's defeat of Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential
election, and an important turning point in political and advertising
history.
Presidency 1963-1969
Policies
Johnson was sworn in as President on Air
Force One in Dallas at Love Field Airport after the assassination of
President Kennedy on November 22, 1963. He was sworn in by federal judge
Sarah T. Hughes, a very close friend of his family, making him the first
president sworn in by a woman.
In his first year, Johnson faced conflicts
with everyone from Senators to speechwriters who wanted to honor
Kennedy's legacy, but were reluctant to support new propositions by
Johnson. Johnson used his famous charm and strong-arm tactics to push
through his new policies. In 1964, upon Johnson's request, Congress
passed a tax-reduction law and the Economic Opportunity Act, which was
in association with the War on Poverty. Johnson also hired Jerri
Whittington, the first African-American White House secretary, and
appointed Jack Valenti as his "special assistant."
An example of his strong arm tactics was
'The Treatment'; this was where he saw people alone in a small adjoining
room where he would pull his chair close to the guests and lean forward
until his nose was inches away from the visitor's face. Members of
Congress from whom Johnson wanted a vote looked visibly shaken after
their meeting with the President.
In the 1964 election, Johnson won the
Presidency in his own right with 63 percent of the vote and (at that
time) the widest popular margin in American history—more than 25,000,000
votes. No President since him has received a great percentage of the
popular vote. However, 1964 was also the year that Johnson supported the
conservative Democratic delegates from Mississippi and denied the
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party seats at the 1964 Democratic
National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey. To appease the
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) chaired by Dr. Aaron Henry
with the intent of seating a passionate and charismatic leader of the
Mississippi Freedom Movement, Fannie Lou Hamer, the Democrats at the
convention offered the MFDP an unsatisfactory compromise and the MFDP
rejected it rather than appear concilatory in the eyes of their
"comrades". In the same year, Johnson lost the popular vote to
Republican challenger Barry Goldwater in the Deep South states of
Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia and South Carolina, a region
that had voted for Democrats since the Reconstruction era. The election,
though a success for the Democratic Party, marked the beginning of the
long transformation of the Democrats' Solid South to a Republican
bastion.
The Great Society program became Johnson's
agenda for Congress in January 1965: aid to education, attack on
disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation,
development of depressed regions, a wide-scale fight against poverty,
control and prevention of crime and delinquency, and removal of
obstacles to the right to vote. Congress, at times augmenting or
amending, rapidly enacted Johnson's recommendations. Millions of elderly
people found succor through the 1965 Medicare amendment to the Social
Security Act.
Under Johnson, the country made spectacular
explorations of space in a program he had championed since its start.
When three astronauts successfully orbited the moon in December 1968,
Johnson congratulated them: "You've taken … all of us, all over the
world, into a new era…."
Nevertheless, two overriding crises had
been gaining momentum since 1965. Despite the beginning of new
anti-poverty and anti-discrimination programs, unrest and rioting in
black ghettos troubled the nation. President Johnson steadily exerted
his influence against segregation and on behalf of law and order, but
there was no early solution. Several changes were made during the
Johnson administration to relieve the hostile political atmosphere. In
response to the civil rights movement, Johnson signed the Immigration
and Nationality Services Act of 1965, which dramatically changed US
immigration policy.
The other crisis arose from Vietnam.
Despite Johnson's efforts to end Communist insurgency and achieve a
settlement, fighting continued. Controversy over the war had become
acute by the end of March 1968, when he limited the bombing of North
Vietnam in order to begin negotiations. At the same time, he startled
the world by withdrawing as a candidate for re-election (which candidacy
was being seriously challenged by other Democrats). He said he was
withdrawing as a candidate so he could devote his full efforts,
unimpeded by politics, to the quest for peace.
Vietnam War
President Johnson had a dislike for the
American war effort in Vietnam, which he had inherited from Kennedy, but
expanded considerably following the Gulf of Tonkin Incident (less than 3
weeks after the Republican Convention of 1964 which had nominated Barry
Goldwater for president). Though he would often privately curse the war,
referring to it as his "bitch mistress," at the same time Johnson
believed that America could not afford to look weak in the eyes of the
world, and so he escalated the war effort continuously from 1964 to
1968, which resulted in thousands of American deaths. In one speech, he
said of the Vietnam conflict "If we allow Vietnam to fall, tomorrow
we’ll be fighting in Hawaii, and next week in San Francisco" - alluding
to Eisenhower's 'Domino Theory'.
At the same time, Johnson was afraid that
too much focus on Vietnam would distract attention from his Great
Society programs, so the levels of military escalation, while
significant, were never enough to make any real headway in the war.
Against his wishes, Johnson's presidency was soon dominated by the
Vietnam War. As more and more American soldiers and civilians were
killed in Vietnam, Johnson's popularity declined, particularly in the
face of student protests. During these protests, students would often
burn their draft cards and chant the line, "Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids
will you kill today?" In what was termed an October surprise, Johnson
announced to the nation on March 31, 1968 that he ordered a complete
cessation of "all air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North
Vietnam" effective November 1 citing progress with the Paris peace
talks. And at the end of his speech he shocked the country by telling
them he would not run for re-election, by saying: "I shall not seek, and
I will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your
president." (Text and audio of speech)
During the final year of his presidency,
LBJ couldn't travel anywhere without facing protests, particularly over
the war.
Administration and Cabinet
All of the cabinet members when Lyndon B.
Johnson became president in 1963 had been serving under John F. Kennedy
previously.
OFFICE NAME TERM
President Lyndon B. Johnson 1963–1969
Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey 1965–1969
State Dean Rusk 1963–1969
Treasury C. Douglas Dillon 1963–1965
Henry H. Fowler 1965–1968
Joseph W. Barr 1968–1969
Defense Robert S. McNamara 1963–1968
Clark M. Clifford 1968–1969
Justice Robert F. Kennedy 1963–1964
Nicholas deB. Katzenbach 1964–1966
Ramsey Clark 1966–1969
Postmaster General John A. Gronouski
1963–1965
Lawrence F. O'Brien 1965–1968
W. Marvin Watson 1968–1969
Interior Stewart L. Udall 1963–1969
Agriculture Orville L. Freeman 1963–1969
Commerce Luther H. Hodges 1963–1965
John T. Connor 1965–1967
Alexander B. Trowbridge 1967–1968
Cyrus R. Smith 1968–1969
Labor W. Willard Wirtz 1963–1967
HEW Anthony J. Celebrezze 1963–1965
John W. Gardner 1965–1968
Wilbur J. Cohen 1968–1969
HUD Robert Clifton Weaver 1966–1968
Robert Coldwell Wood 1969–1969
Transportation Alan Stephenson Boyd
1967–1969
Supreme Court appointments
Johnson appointed the following Justices to
the Supreme Court of the United States:
Abe Fortas - 1965
Thurgood Marshall - 1967
Marshall was the first African-American to
be appointed to the Supreme Court.
Retirement, death, and honors
Under the 22nd Amendment, Johnson was still
eligible for a second full term, having served less than two years of
Kennedy's term. However, on March 31, 1968, after the Tet Offensive, a
narrow victory over Eugene McCarthy in the New Hampshire primary, the
entry of Robert Kennedy into the presidential race, and new lows in the
opinion polls, he announced, in an address to the nation, that he would
no longer seek renomination for the presidency. He cited the growing
division within the country over the war as his reason. The Democratic
nomination eventually went to Johnson's Vice President Hubert Humphrey,
who was later defeated in the 1968 election by Richard M. Nixon. As of
2006, LBJ remains the only president (after the 22nd amendment's
ratification) eligible to have served more than 8 years. Had he remained
in the race in 1968 and won, he would have been the second
longest-serving president, having served nine years.
After leaving the presidency in 1969,
Johnson went home to his ranch in Johnson City, Texas. In 1971, he
published his memoirs, The Vantage Point. That year, the Lyndon Baines
Johnson Library and Museum, which is the most visited presidential
library in the nation—over a quarter million visitors per year—opened on
the campus of the University of Texas at Austin.
He donated his Texas ranch in his will to
the public to form the Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park, with
the proviso that the ranch "remain a working ranch and not become a
sterile relic of the past".
Johnson died at 4:33 PM on January 22, 1973
from a third heart attack at his ranch, at the age of 64. His health
ruined by years of heavy smoking and stress, the former President had
severe heart disease. He was found in his bed, reaching for his phone.
Johnson was honored with a state funeral in which Texas Congressman J.J.
Pickle and former Secretary of State Dean Rusk eulogized him at the
Capitol. His death occured only 27 days after the death of another
former President; Harry S Truman.
The final services took place on January
25. The funeral was held at the National City Christian Church (in
Washington, D.C.), where he worshipped often when president. The
service, which foreign dignitaries, led by former Japanese prime
minister Eisaku Sato, attended, was the first presidential funeral to
feature a eulogy. They came from former White House Chief of Staff, and
Postmaster General W. Marvin Watson, and the church's rector, Rev. Dr.
George Davis, a very close friend of the Johnsons who officiated the
services in Washington. Though he attended the service, Nixon did not
speak, as customary for presidents during presidential funerals, but
both eulogists turned to him as they spoke and lauded him for his
tributes to the former president, as Rusk had the day before.
Johnson was buried that afternoon at his
ranch in Texas. The burial service was the first presidential burial to
feature a eulogy, and the eulogies were delivered by former Texas
Democratic governor John Connally, an LBJ protégé and fellow Texan, who
was wounded in the assassination that made Johnson president, and by the
minister who officiated the services, Rev. Billy Graham. Anita Bryant
closed the services by singing "The Battle Hymn of the Republic," paying
tribute to her friendship with the former president, at his own request.
The state funeral, which was the last until Ronald Reagan's in 2004, was
part of a busy week for the Military District of Washington, which began
with Nixon's second inauguration.1
Later in 1973, President Nixon signed
Congressional legislation renaming the Manned Spacecraft Center in
Houston the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Also, the Texas State
Legislature created a legal state holiday to be observed on August 27 to
mark LBJ's birthday. It is known as Lyndon Baines Johnson Day. The
Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac was dedicated on
September 27, 1974.
LBJ was awarded the Presidential Medal of
Freedom posthumously in 1980.
Trivia
Lyndon Johnson was 6 ft 3 1/2 in (203 cm)
tall and weighed about 216 pounds, the second tallest president (after
Lincoln).
He was baptized in the Pedernales River as
a member of the Disciples of Christ in 1923.
Johnson was famously frugal. Even as
President, White House tapes recorded him asking a photographer to take
his family portraits for free, saying he was a very poor man living on a
weekly paycheck and had a very great deal of financial debt. In fact
Johnson was a multimillionaire, but he still received the photographic
portraits without having to pay a cent. The White House press corps
would make jokes at his expense regarding his habit of turning off all
lights in the White House when the rooms were not in use. Johnson's
secretary revealed years later that he would wash and reuse Styrofoam
cups.[citation needed]
Johnson seemed to crave personal approval.
After delivering a major speech on civil rights, he called 32 people,
all of whom he knew would greatly approve of his speech, to ask what
they thought. All of these people, recorded for posterity in White House
tapes, were overwhelmingly complimentary.[citation needed]
His favorite soft drink was Fresca, which
he drank constantly. He had a soda tap installed in the Oval
Office.[citation needed]
Johnson, while using the White House
bathroom, was known to insist that others accompany him and continue to
discuss official matters, take dictation, or another convenient
pretense. This was one of Johnson's many tactics for asserting
psychological power over others.[citation needed]
The only American president to have ever
visited Malaysia in 1966. In Labu, state of Negeri Sembilan the village
called FELDA L.B. Johnson was named after him during his visit to the
village, with Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysian first prime minister.
The first American president to visit
Turkey
Robert F. Kennedy greatly disliked Johnson
and the feeling was mutual. Robert felt that Johnson was not worthy of
the vice presidency, while Johnson merely regarded Robert as "Jack's
Little Brother" (Jack being one of John F. Kennedy's nicknames), a
spoiled brat who was riding his older brother's coat tails to
success.[citation needed]
****
The
above biography has been copied in part or in whole
from an article on
Wikipedia.org
"The Free Encyclopedia." It has been modified under
the NGU Free Document License Section 5 in the
following manner: (1) All links within the article
have been removed, including text links such as
"[#]"; (2) The "[Edit]" text and link have been
removed [if you would like to update the article,
you may do so from the original page]; (3) the table
of Contents links and text have been removed; and
(4) all of the sections of the original article have
not been copied. All of the above text is available
under the terms of the GNU Free Document License.
URL of Original Article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson
Date Article Copied:
March 17, 2006
We
will try to replace this article with an original
biography in the near future, but we hope this will
be of help to our visitors in the mean time.
For
additions & corrections,
Click Here |