Lance Armstrong: Biography

Lance Armstrong (born September 18, 1971, Plano, Texas) is an American professional road racing cyclist. He is most famous for recovering from cancer to subsequently win the Tour de France a record six consecutive times—1999 to 2004. His success prompted some to nickname the event Tour de Lance.

Armstrong's achievements have been widely lauded. In 2002, Sports Illustrated magazine named him their Sportsman of the Year. He was also named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year for 2002, 2003 and 2004, received ESPN's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete in 2003 and 2004, and won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Overseas Personality Award in 2003. In April 2005, Armstrong announced that he would retire from racing after the 2005 edition of the Tour.

*    *    *    *

Career

Early career

Armstrong was born in Plano, Texas and was raised by his mother, Linda Mooneyham, whose spirit and independence has often been cited by Armstrong as his greatest influence. Armstrong received his surname at the age of three, when his mother married Terry Armstrong.

He began his sporting career as a triathlete, competing in seniors' competitions from the age of 16. It soon became clear that his greatest talent lay in racing bikes. At 17, he received an invitation to train with the Junior National Cycling Team. Plano Independent School District's school board said that the six-week leave to train taken during the second semester of his senior year would bar him from graduating. Armstrong withdrew from his high school, Plano East Senior High, with his mother's blessing and went to train with the team. He graduated from another high school in Dallas the following spring and still harbors resentment toward Plano because of this and prefers his adopted home of Austin, Texas.

After competing as a cycling amateur, winning the US amateur championship in 1991 and finishing 14th in the 1992 Olympics road race, Armstrong turned professional in 1992. The following year he scored his first major victory as he rode solo to win the World Road Championships in Oslo, Norway. His victory was so dominant (he had time to blow kisses to his mother in the home straight) that he was invited to an audience with the King of Norway, which he initially turned down after finding his mother was not included in the invitation. Minutes later, the King invited both.

His successes continued with Team Motorola, with whom he won a stage in the 1995 Tour de France and several classic one-day events. In that same year, he won the premier U.S. cycling event, the Tour DuPont, having placed second in 1994. He won the Tour DuPont again in 1996, and was ranked number one cyclist in the world. Later in 1996, however, he abandoned the Tour de France and had a disappointing Olympic Games. These early disappointments spurred him on to the great things he has achieved post-cancer, and he admits that had he given in on the devilishly difficult Clasica san Sebastian he could have retired from the sport.

During his time with Motorola, Fabio Casartelli, a teammate, died on a descent in the Tour. As a young and hugely promising cyclist this was a blow for the team, the sport, and Fabio's nation, Italy. Team Motorola was allowed to take an uncontested next stage as a mark of respect.

Cancer

In October 1996, Armstrong was diagnosed with testicular cancer that had metastasized, spreading to his lungs and brain. His doctors told him that he had a 50 percent chance of survival. After his recovery, one of his doctors told him that his actual odds of survival were considerably smaller (one even went as far as to say three percent), and that he had been given the 50 percent estimate primarily to give him hope. Armstrong managed to recover after invasive surgery to remove brain lesions, and a severe course of chemotherapy, performed at Indiana University School of Medicine. The standard chemotherapy for his cancer would have meant the end of his cycling career, because a known side effect was a dramatic reduction in lung function; he opted for a more severe treatment that was less likely to result in lung damage. While in remission he resumed training, but found himself unceremoniously, if unsurprisingly, dropped by his Cofidis team. This was one of the factors which lead to his near retirement from the sport, because of which he and his then-girlfriend (now ex-wife) moved to France on two different occasions due to his changes of heart. He was eventually signed by the newly formed United States Postal Service Pro Cycling Team, and by 1998, he was able to make his successful return in the cycling world marked by his fourth place overall finish in the Vuelta a España.

Tour de France

Armstrong's true comeback came in 1999, when he won his first Tour de France. His final lead times over his closest competitor have been over six minutes every year except for 2003, when he finished 1:01 ahead of Jan Ullrich, following an unusual set of circumstances including a stomach illness at the outset of the race.

In his 2004 Tour victory, Armstrong won a personal-best five stages, plus the team time trial (TTT) with his U.S. Postal Service "Blue Train". He contends he let his friend Ivan Basso win Stage 12 at the finish line as his way of offering support for Basso's mother's struggle with cancer, though video footage appears to show Armstrong being beaten fairly. He outsprinted Basso to take the next stage, and followed that up by becoming the first man since Gino Bartali in 1948 to win three consecutive mountain stages—15, 16, and 17. For the first time Armstrong also found himself unable to ride away from his rivals in the mountains (except for the individual time trial in stage 16 up L'Alpe d'Huez when he started two minutes behind Basso and passed him on the way up). He won sprint finishes from Basso in stages 13 and 15 and made up a huge gap in the last 250 meters to nip Andreas Klöden at the line in stage 17. He won the final individual time trial (ITT), stage 19, to complete his personal-record of stage wins.

Family and hobbies

Armstrong and his ex-wife Kristin Kik, (pronounced Keek), had a son shortly after his amazing comeback victory, and twin girls two years later, all by in vitro fertilization. Armstrong and his wife divorced in 2003. As of July 2005, Armstrong was in a relationship with singer Sheryl Crow who was following the 05 Tour by car .

For relaxation, Armstrong also enjoys mountain biking and trout fishing, and casual rides on his bike with his son.

Reasons for success

Armstrong has triumphed partly because he has made a career of the Tour de France, training in Spain for months leading up to the Tour, and making frequent trips to France to fully analyze and ride key parts of the upcoming Tour course. During his preparation for the 2004 Tour, he rode virtually every stage at least once, and rode the Alpe d'Huez climb, site of a key time trial, multiple times in the course of five days.

His riding style is also distinctive. Pedaling very quickly (a high "cadence"), often in a lower gear than his competitors, he can maintain a cadence of 120 cycles per minute on flats during time trials, and is able to rapidly accelerate away from his main rivals who tend to use higher gears but pedal more slowly while riding uphill. As an example, the Spanish five-time Tour de France winner, Miguel Induráin, preferred to power a huge gear at a low cadence. Armstrong can maintain incredible speeds even when going up the most daunting climbs of the Tour and at times even specialist climbers are unable to keep pace with him consistently. The ability to maintain a high cadence for such long distances is based on his extremely high anaerobic threshold, allowing him to work at a high intensity without building up lactic acid levels that force lesser athletes to back off. Much of his training is based on raising this level, and in learning exactly where the limit is.

Unlike most gifted climbers, however, Armstrong is also exceptional in the individual time trial, and is as good as, if not better than, those physically more suited to the discipline, such as rival Jan Ullrich. In the mold of Induráin, Armstrong is not consistently aggressive during a Tour, preferring to gain a lead in the time trials or with a few well-placed mountain attacks, before sitting back and letting his team defend the lead. Despite this relatively defensive strategy, Armstrong's mountain attacks are so forceful that he often puts minutes on his rivals over the course of just a few kilometers.

Some have attributed Armstrong's success in recent years in part to his US Postal Service cycling team (now the Discovery Channel Team). While the U.S. Postal Team competes in races worldwide, the riders selected to join Armstrong in the Tour de France are there specifically to help Armstrong win the Yellow Jersey.

Allegations of drug use

Like many top international sports men and women, Armstrong has long been dogged by allegations that he used performance-enhancing drugs. However, despite being subjected to dozens of drug tests, he has never tested positive to any illicit substance. Specifically, his hematocrit rate was never found to exceed the threshold above what suggests that the racer used the drug EPO, which was once rife throughout cycling. Armstrong did take EPO for one of its approved medical uses, to help his recovery during cancer treatment, but there is no suggestion that this was an unfair advantage for his subsequent cycling achievements. When training, Armstrong boosts his red blood cell count through cycling at altitude and sleeping in an altitude tent.

In 1999 he tested positive for a corticoid, and although he did not declare taking the medication on the form before the test, the UCI accepted it was in his system due to his use of a legal skin cream to treat road rash and saddle sores. Particularly vocal have been Greg LeMond, the only other American to have won the Tour, and the French newspaper Le Monde, who have questioned his association with doctor/trainer, Dr. Michele Ferrari, who in 2004 was found guilty in an Italian court for unlawful distribution of medicines and sporting fraud. Armstrong has stated that his connection to Dr. Ferrari did not go beyond occasional consultations on altitude training and diet. Another racer, Italian Filippo Simeoni, implicated Armstrong when confessing to the use of illegal drugs prescribed by Dr. Ferrari. Armstrong stated that Simeoni was not telling the truth, calling him "a compulsive liar", and a legal process started between the two. During the 2004 Tour, the Armstrong-Simeoni feud manifested its presence during the race itself. In stage 18 Simeoni was in a group that had broken away from the main peloton. As there was nobody in the breakaway that threatened in the General Classification, the group stood a good chance of staying in front until the finish line. Armstrong, however, single-handedly chased them down. He told the members of the breakaway that he would be staying with them if Simeoni was present. It was apparent that the peloton would chase down a breakaway which included Armstrong, so Simeoni was persuaded to leave it - with Armstong. The breakaway went on to take the stage. Armstrong's tactic was controversial, with some commentators considering it vindictive. Others viewed it as a demonstration by Armstrong that he did not need drugs to be a superior rider to Simeoni. In 2005, Italian police are investigating Armstrong for "private violence" and intimidating a witness as a result of this incident.

None of his accusers have produced evidence to substantiate the rumors. In 2004, circumstantial evidence was published in the book L.A. Confidentiel : Les secrets de Lance Armstrong (ISBN 2846751307) which was released less than three weeks before the Tour de France. It was written by David Walsh and Pierre Ballester, who readily admitted that "There's no smoking gun. It's all circumstantial evidence." Walsh is a respected sportswriter with the London Sunday Times and Ballester a former sportswriter for l'Équipe in France. Armstrong's solicitors issued proceedings in the High Court in London against the Sunday Times and David Walsh, seeking substantial damages, and in Paris against Walsh, Ballester, the publishers of LA Confidential and the publishers of l’Express which printed excerpts from the book.

In 2004, Armstrong sent a letter to the Amaury Sport Organization, the UCI, and the WADA to warn of a possible doping method being used by other pro cyclists. He also silently donated money years ago to the UCI to aid research to detect drug use in sports.

[Added by PSP: Lance Armstrong has won an unprecedented seven Tour De Frances before retiring from professional bicycle riding in July of 2005.]

The Future

Immediately after winning his record sixth Tour de France, rumors began circulating about Armstrong's future, with some speculating that he would like to spend more time with his family, as well as girlfriend Sheryl Crow. On April 18 2005, these rumors were confirmed. Armstrong held a press conference to announce that he would retire from professional cycling after the 2005 Tour de France, which would be the final race of his 14 year career. He cited wanting to spend more time with his children as a major reason for retirement.

In an interview with the New York Times, teammate George Hincapie hinted at Armstrong possibly running for governor of Texas after retiring from cycling. In the July 2005 issue of Outside Magazine (http://outside.away.com/outside/toc/200507.html), Armstrong himself hinted at possibly running for governor - although "not in 06."

Teams and victories

Teams

1991-1992: United States National Team

1992-1996: Motorola

1997: Cofidis

1998-2002: US Postal Service

2003-2004: US Postal Service presented by Berry Floor

2005: Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team

*    *    *    *

The above biography has been copied in part or in whole from an article on Wikipedia.org "The Free Encyclopedia."  It has been modified under the NGU Free Document License Section 5 in the following manner: (1) All links within the article have been removed, including text links such as "[#]"; (2) The "[Edit]" text and link have been removed [if you would like to update the article, you may do so from the original page]; (3) the table of Contents links and text have been removed; and (4) all of the sections of the original article have not been copied. All of the above text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Document License.

URL of Original Article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_armstrong

Date Article Copied: July 8, 2005

We will try to replace this article with an original biography in the near future, but we hope this will be of help to our visitors in the mean time.

See something wrong?, Click Here to tell us about it