Dr. Seuss Biography
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is from
Wikipedia.org
“The
Free Encyclopedia.”
Dr. Seuss is the pen name of Theodor Seuss
Geisel (March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991). He was a famous American
writer and cartoonist best known for his children's books.
****
Life and Work
Geisel was born in Springfield,
Massachusetts. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1925, where he was
a member of Sigma Phi Epsilon, the Casque & Gauntlet Society, and wrote
for the Dartmouth Jack O'Lantern humor magazine under his own name and
the pen name "Seuss." He entered Lincoln College, Oxford, intending to
earn a doctorate in literature. At Oxford he met Helen Palmer, married
her in 1927, and returned to the United States before earning his
doctorate.
He began submitting humorous articles and
illustrations to Judge (a humor magazine), The Saturday Evening Post,
Life, Vanity Fair, and Liberty. One notable "Technocracy Number" made
fun of Technocracy, Inc. and featured satirical rhymes at the expense of
Frederick Soddy. He became nationally famous from his advertisements for
Flit, a common insecticide at the time. His slogan, "Quick, Henry, the
Flit!" became a popular catchphrase. Geisel supported himself and his
wife through the Great Depression by drawing advertising for General
Electric, NBC, Standard Oil, and many other companies. He also wrote and
drew a short lived comic strip called Hejji in 1935.
Even at this early stage, Geisel had
started using the pen name "Dr. Seuss". His first work signed as "Dr.
Seuss" appeared six months into his work for Judge. Seuss was his
mother's maiden name; as an immigrant from Germany, she would have
pronounced it more or less as "zoice", but today it is universally
pronounced in Americanized form, with an initial s sound and rhyming
with "juice". The "Dr." is an acknowledgment of his father's unfulfilled
hopes that Seuss would earn a doctorate at Oxford. Geisel also used the
pen name Theo. LeSieg (Geisel spelled backwards) for books he wrote but
others illustrated.
In 1936, while Seuss sailed again to
Europe, the rhythm of the ship's engines inspired the poem that became
his first book, And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street. Seuss
wrote three more children's books before World War II (see list of works
below), two of which are, atypically for him, in prose.
As World War II began, Dr. Seuss turned to
political cartoons, drawing over 400 in two years. Dr. Seuss's political
cartoons opposed the viciousness of Hitler and Mussolini; some depict
Japanese Americans as traitors. One such cartoon appeared days before
the internments started.
In 1942, Dr. Seuss turned his energies to
direct support of the US government's war effort. First, he worked
drawing posters for the Treasury Department and the War Production
Board. Then, in 1943, he joined the Army and was sent to Frank Capra's
Signal Corps Unit in Hollywood, where he wrote films for the United
States Armed Forces, including "Your Job in Germany," a 1945 propaganda
film about peace in Europe after World War II, "Design for Death," a
study of Japanese culture that won the Academy Award for Best
Documentary in 1948, and the Private Snafu series of army training
films. While in the Army, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. Dr.
Seuss's non-military films from around this time were also
well-received; Gerald McBoing-Boing won the Academy Award for Best Short
Subject (Animated) in 1951.
Despite his numerous awards, Dr. Seuss
never won the Caldecott Medal nor the Newbery. Three of his titles were
chosen as Caldecott runners-up (now referred to as Caldecott Honor
books): McElligot's Pool (1947), Bartholomew and the Oobleck (1949), and
If I Ran the Zoo (1950).
After the war, Dr. Seuss and his wife moved
to La Jolla, California, a small community forming part of San Diego.
Returning to children's books, he wrote what many consider to be his
finest works, including such favorites as If I Ran the Zoo, (1950),
Scrambled Eggs Super! (1953), On Beyond Zebra! (1955), If I Ran the
Circus (1956), and How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1957).
At the same time, an important development
occurred that influenced much of Seuss's later work. In May 1954, Life
magazine published a report on illiteracy among school children, which
concluded that children were not learning to read because their books
were boring. Accordingly, Seuss's publisher made up a list of 400 words
he felt were important and asked Dr. Seuss to cut the list to 250 words
and write a book using only those words. Nine months later, Seuss, using
220 of the words given to him, completed The Cat in the Hat. This book
was a tour de force—it retained the drawing style, verse rhythms, and
all the imaginative power of Seuss's earlier works, but because of its
simplified vocabulary could be read by beginning readers. In 1960,
Bennett Cerf bet Dr. Seuss $50 that he couldn't write an entire book
using only fifty words. The result was Green Eggs and Ham. The prevalent
rumor that Cerf never paid Seuss the $50 has never been proven. It is
most likely untrue. These books achieved significant international
success and remain very popular.
Dr. Seuss went on to write many other
children's books, both in his new simplified-vocabulary manner (sold as
"Beginner Books") and in his older, more elaborate style. The Beginner
Books were not easy for Seuss, and reportedly he labored for months
crafting them.
At various times Seuss also wrote books for
adults that used the same style of verse and pictures: The Seven Lady
Godivas, Oh, The Places You'll Go!, and his final book You're Only Old
Once, a satire of hospitals and the geriatric lifestyle.
Following a very difficult illness, Helen
Palmer Geisel committed suicide on October 23, 1967. Seuss married
Audrey Stone Diamond on June 21, 1968. Seuss himself died, following
several years of illness, in La Jolla, California on September 24, 1991.
Dr. Seuss did not like publicity. This may
have been due to his German ancestry; as a schoolboy during World War I,
his classmates used to nickname him "The Kaiser". He left behind one
Heir, Typhon.
Dr. Seuss's meters
Dr. Seuss wrote most of his books in a
verse form that in the terminology of metrics would be characterized as
anapestic tetrameter, a meter employed also by Lord Byron and other
poets of the English literary canon. (It is also the meter of the famous
Christmas poem A Visit From St. Nicholas.) Abstractly, anapestic
tetrameter consists of four rhythmic units (anapests), each composed of
two weak beats followed by one strong, schematized below:
x x X x x X x x X x x X
Often, the first weak syllable is omitted,
or an additional weak syllable is added at the end. A typical line (the
first line of If I Ran the Circus) is:
In ALL the whole TOWN the most WONderful
SPOT
Seuss generally maintained this meter quite
strictly, up to late in his career, when he was no longer able to
maintain strict rhythm in all lines. The consistency of his meter was
one of his hallmarks; the many imitators and parodists of Seuss are
often unable to write in strict anapestic tetrameter, or unaware that
they should, and thus sound clumsy in comparison with the original.
Seuss also wrote verse in trochaic
tetrameter, an arrangement of four units each with a strong followed by
a weak beat:
X x X x X x X x
An example is the title (and first line) of
One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish. The formula for trochaic meter
permits the final weak position in the line to be omitted, which
facilitates the construction of rhymes.
Seuss generally maintained trochaic meter
only for brief passages, and for longer stretches typically mixed it
with iambic tetrameter:
x X x X x X x X
which is easier to write. Thus, for
example, the magicians in Bartholemew and the Oobleck make their first
appearance chanting in trochees (thus resembling the witches of
Shakespeare's Macbeth):
Shuffle, duffle, muzzle, muff
then switch to iambs for the oobleck spell:
Go make the oobleck tumble down
On every street, in every town!
In Green Eggs and Ham, Sam-I-Am generally
speaks in trochees, and the exasperated character he proselytizes
replies in iambs.
While most of Seuss's books are either
uniformly anapestic or iambic-trochaic, a few mix triple and double
rhythms. Thus, for instance, Happy Birthday to You is generally written
in anapestic tetrameter, but breaks into iambo-trochaic meter for the
"Dr. Derring's singing herrings" and "Who-Bubs" episodes.
Dr. Seuss's art
Seuss's earlier artwork often employed the
shaded texture of pencil drawings or watercolors, but in children's
books of the postwar period he generally employed the starker medium of
pen and ink, normally using just black, white, and one or two colors.
Later books such as The Lorax used more colors, not necessarily to
better effect.
Seuss's figures are often somewhat rounded
and droopy. This is true, for instance, of the faces of the Grinch and
of the Cat in the Hat. It is also true of virtually all buildings and
machinery that Seuss drew: although these objects abound in straight
lines in real life, Seuss carefully avoided straight lines in drawing
them. For buildings, this could be accomplished in part through choice
of architecture. For machines, Seuss simply distorted reality; for
example, If I Ran the Circus includes a droopy hoisting crane and a
droopy steam calliope.
Seuss evidently enjoyed drawing
architecturally elaborate objects. His endlessly varied (but never
rectilinear) palaces, ramps, platforms, and free-standing stairways are
among his most evocative creations. Seuss also drew elaborate imaginary
machines, of which the Audio-Telly-O-Tally-O-Count, from Dr. Seuss's
Sleep Book, is one example. Seuss also liked drawing outlandish
arrangements of feathers or fur, for example, the 500th hat of
Bartholemew Cubbins, the tail of Gertrude McFuzz, and the pet for girls
who like to brush and comb, in One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish.
Seuss's images often convey motion vividly.
He was fond of a sort of "voilà" gesture, in which the hand flips
outward, spreading the fingers slightly backward with the thumb up; this
is done by Ish, for instance, in One Fish, Two Fish when he creates fish
(who perform the gesture themselves with their fins), in the
introduction of the various acts of If I Ran the Circus, and in the
introduction of the Little Cats in The Cat in the Hat Comes Back. Seuss
also follows the cartoon tradition of showing motion with lines, for
instance in the sweeping lines that accompany Sneelock's final dive in
If I Ran the Circus. Cartoonist's lines are also used to illustrate the
action of the senses (sight, smell, and hearing) in The Big Brag and
even of thought, as in the moment when the Grinch conceives his awful
idea.
Recurring images
Seuss's early work in advertising and
editorial cartooning produced sketches that received more perfect
realization later on in the children's books. Often, the expressive use
to which Seuss put an image later on was quite different from the
original. The examples below are from the website of the Mandeville
Special Collections Library of the University of California, San Diego.
An editorial cartoon of July 16, 1941
depicts a whale resting on the top of a mountain, as a parody of
American isolationists, especially Charles Lindbergh. This was later
rendered (with no apparent political content) as the Wumbus of On Beyond
Zebra (1955). Seussian whales (cheerful and balloon-shaped, with long
eyelashes) also occur in McElligot's Pool, If I Ran the Circus, and
other books.
Another editorial cartoon from 1941 shows a
long cow with many legs and udders, representing the conquered nations
of Europe being milked by Adolf Hitler. This later became the Umbus of
On Beyond Zebra.
The tower of turtles in this editorial
cartoon from 1941 prefigures a similar tower in Yertle the Turtle.
Seuss's earliest elephants were for
advertising and had somewhat wrinkly ears, much as real elephants do.
With And to Think that I Saw it on Mulberry Street (1937) and Horton
Hatches the Egg (1940), the ears became more stylized, somewhat like
angel wings and thus appropriate to the saintly Horton. During World War
II, the elephant image appeared as an emblem for India in four editorial
cartoons. Horton and similar elephants appear frequently in the postwar
children's books.
While drawing advertisements for Flit,
Seuss became adept at drawing insects with huge stingers, shaped like a
gentle S-curve and with a sharp end that included a rearward-pointing
barb on its lower side. Their facial expressions depict gleeful
malevolence. These insects were later rendered in an editorial cartoon
as a swarm of Allied aircraft (1942), and later still as the Sneedle of
On Beyond Zebra..
Dr. Seuss's politics
From his work, it would appear that Dr.
Seuss's political views were what 20th century Americans would call
liberal. His early political cartoons show a passionate opposition to
fascism, and he urged Americans to oppose it, both before and after the
entry of the United States into World War II. Seuss's cartoons also
called attention to the early stages of the Holocaust and denounced
discrimination in America against black people and Jews. Seuss's harsh
treatment of the Japanese and of Japanese Americans, mentioned above,
has struck many readers as a strange moral blind spot in a generally
idealistic man.
Seuss moved to La Jolla, California in
1948, following his years living and working in Hollywood. A widely told
story says that when he first went to register to vote in La Jolla, some
Republican friends called him over to where they were registering
voters, but Ted said, "You my friends are over there, but I am going
over here [to the Democratic registration]." Geisel had since been a
lifelong Democrat.
Seuss's children's books also express his
commitment to social justice as he perceived it:
The Lorax (1971), though told in full-tilt
Seussian style, strikes many readers as fundamentally an
environmentalist tract. It is the tale of a ruthless and greedy
industrialist (the "Onceler") who so thoroughly destroys the local
environment that he ultimately puts his own company out of business. The
book is striking for being told from the viewpoint (generally bitter,
self-hating, and remorseful) of the Onceler himself. In 1989, an effort
was made by lumbering interests in Laytonville, California to have the
book banned from local school libraries, on the grounds that it was
unfair to the lumber industry.
The Sneetches is commonly seen as a
satirization of physical discrimination.
The Butter Battle Book (1984) written in
Seuss's old age, is both a parody and denunciation of the nuclear arms
race.
Yertle the Turtle is often interpreted as
an allegory of Adolf Hitler
Shortly before the end of the Watergate
scandal, Geisel also converted one of his famous children's books into a
polemic. "Richard M. Nixon, Will You Please Go Now!" was published in
major newspapers through the column of his friend Art Buchwald. Nine
days later, Nixon went.
Seuss's personal values also are apparent
in the much earlier How the Grinch Stole Christmas (1957), which can be
taken (partly) as a polemic against materialism. The Grinch thinks he
can steal Christmas from the Whos by stealing all the Christmas gifts
and decorations, and attains a kind of enlightenment when the Whos prove
him wrong.
Horton Hears a Who! shows that Seuss may
have been anti-abortion. "A person is a person, no matter how small"
could mean that a fetus is still a person, although it is small and thus
deserved the same rights. It can also be interpreted as showing the
importance of unity in being heard; the minority, expressed in the
little speck of dust, is not heard by the majority of elephants till
everyone proclaims their presence, including even the smallest of Whos.
Adaptations of Seuss's work
For most of his career, Dr. Seuss was
reluctant to have his characters marketed in contexts outside of his own
books. However, he did allow a few animated cartoons, an art form in
which he himself had gained experience during the Second World War.
In 1966, Seuss authorized the eminent
cartoon artist Chuck Jones, his friend and former colleague from the
war, to make a cartoon version of How the Grinch Stole Christmas!. This
cartoon was very faithful to the original book. It is considered a
classic by many to this day, and is in the large catalog of annual
Christmas television specials. In 1971, a cartoon version of The Cat in
the Hat was made as well, but it was considered less successful.
Toward the end of his life, Seuss seems to
have relaxed his policy, and several other cartoons and toys were made
featuring his characters, usually the Cat in the Hat and the Grinch.
When Seuss died of cancer at the age of 87 in 1991, his widow Audrey
Geisel was placed in charge of all licensing matters. Since then, Audrey
Geisel has become a controversial figure among many of Seuss's fans,
seen as being far more liberal in permitting commercialization of her
husband's characters and stories. She approved a live-action film
version of "the Grinch" starring Jim Carrey, as well as a Seuss-themed
Broadway musical called Seussical (both released in 2000). A live-action
film based on The Cat in the Hat was released in 2003, featuring Mike
Myers as the title character. Dr. Seuss' books and characters also now
appear in an amusement park: the Seuss Landing 'island' at the Islands
of Adventure theme park in Orlando, Florida. Product tie-ins (cereal
boxes, and so on) have also been implemented.
In November 2004, an edition of MAD
Magazine (Mad #447) featured a cover story in which lines from Seuss'
books were compared with supposedly similar lines from speeches made by
George W. Bush. It was titled "The Strange Similarities Between the Bush
Administration and the World of Dr. Seuss." The cover drawing was of a
Cat in the Hat that resembled Bush.
Trivia
On the season premiere of Saturday Night
Live following Dr. Seuss' death, the Reverend Jesse Jackson was a
special guest during the News segment. He declared that "rather than
reading from First or Second Samuel, I will read from 'Sam I Am',"
whereupon he read Green Eggs and Ham in the style of a preacher giving
an impassioned sermon.
List of books by Dr. Seuss
And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry
Street New York: Vanguard Press, 1937
The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins New
York: Vanguard Press, 1938
The King's Stilts New York: Random House,
1939
The Seven Lady Godivas New York: Random
House, 1939
Horton Hatches the Egg New York: Random
House, 1940
McElligot's Pool New York: Random House,
1947. Caldecott Honor Book
Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose New York:
Random House, 1948
Bartholomew and the Oobleck New York:
Random House, 1949. Caldecott Honor Book
If I Ran the Zoo New York: Random House,
1950. Caldecott Honor Book
Scrambled Eggs Super! New York: Random
House, 1953
Horton Hears a Who! New York: Random House,
1954
On Beyond Zebra! New York: Random House,
1955
If I Ran the Circus New York: Random House,
1956
How the Grinch Stole Christmas! New York:
Random House, 1957
The Cat in the Hat New York: Beginner
Books, Random House, 1957
The Cat in the Hat Comes Back New York:
Beginner Books, Random House, 1958
Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories New
York: Random House, 1958
Happy Birthday to You! New York: Random
House, 1959
One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish New
York: Beginner Books, Random House, 1960
Green Eggs and Ham New York: Beginner
Books, Random House, 1960
The Sneetches and Other Stories New York:
Random House, 1961
Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book New York: Random
House, 1962
Dr. Seuss's ABC New York: Beginner Books,
Random House, 1963
Hop on Pop New York: Beginner Books, Random
House, 1963
Fox in Socks New York: Beginner Books,
Random House, 1965
I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew
New York: Random House, 1965
The Cat in the Hat Song Book New York:
Random House, 1967
The Foot Book : Dr. Seuss's Wacky Book of
Opposites New York: Bright & Early Books, Random House, 1968
I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today! and Other
Stories New York: Random House, 1969
I Can Draw It Myself New York: Beginner
Books, Random House, 1970
Mr. Brown Can Moo! Can You? New York:
Bright & Early Books, Random House, 1970
The Lorax New York: Random House, 1971.
National Council for the Social Studies Notable Children's Trade Book /
Social Studies
Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now!
New York: Bright & Early Books, Random House, 1972
Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are? New
York: Random House 1973
The Shape of Me and Other Stuff New York:
Bright & Early Books, Random House, 1973
There's a Wocket in My Pocket! New York:
Bright & Early Books, Random House, 1974
Oh, the Thinks You Can Think! New York:
Beginner Books, Random House, 1975
The Cat's Quizzer New York: Beginner Books,
Random House, 1976
I Can Read with My Eyes Shut! New York:
Beginner Books, Random House, 1978
Oh Say Can You Say? New York: Beginner
Books, Random House, 1979
Hunches in Bunches New York: Random House,
1982
The Butter Battle Book New York: Random
House, 1984
You're Only Old Once! : A Book for Obsolete
Children New York: Random House, 1986.
Oh, the Places You'll Go! New York: Random
House, 1990
Daisy - Head Mayzie New York: Random House,
1995
Hooray for Diffendoofer Day! New York:
Alfred A. Knopf, 1998. By Dr. Seuss with some help from Jack Prelutsky &
Lane Smith (posthumous)
My Many Colored Days New York : Alfred A.
Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 1998. by Dr. Seuss, paintings by
Steve Johnson with Lou Fancher
Gerald McBoing-Boing New York: Random
House, 2000 (posthumous)
Omnibus Volumes
A Hatful of Seuss: Five Favorite Dr. Seuss
Stories
Bartholomew and the Oobleck (1949), If I
Ran the Zoo (1950), Horton Hears a Who! (1954), The Sneetches and Other
Stories (1961), and Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book (1962)
Your Favorite Seuss : A Baker's Dozen by
the One and Only Dr. Seuss Molly Leach (Designer)
And To Think That I Saw It On Mulberry
Street, Horton Hears a Who!, McElligot's Pool, If I Ran the Zoo, Happy
Birthday to You!, Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book, Yertle the Turtle, The Cat in
the Hat, How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, Green Eggs and Ham, The Lorax,
The Sneetches, and Oh, the Places You'll Go!
Six By Seuss: A Treasury of Dr. Seuss
Classics
And To Think That I Saw It On Mulberry
Street, The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins, Horton Hatches the Egg,
Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, and
The Lorax
Writing as Theo. LeSieg
LeSieg is Geisel spelled backwards.
Ten Apples Up On Top! Illustrated by Roy
McKie. c1961
In A People House Illustrated by Roy McKie.
1972
Wacky Wednesday Illustrated by George
Booth. c1974
Would You Rather Be a Bullfrog? Illustrated
by Roy McKie. 1975
Hooper Humperdink ... ? Not Him!
Illustrated by Charles E. Martin. c1976
Maybe You Should Fly A Jet! Maybe You
Should Be A Vet! Illustated by Michael J. Smollin. c1980
The Tooth Book Illustrated by Roy McKie.
1981
The Eye Book Illustrated by Joe Mathieu.
1999
I Wish That I Had Duck Feet
Please Try to Remember The First of
Octember!
Come Over To My House
The Many Mice of Mr. Brice (A pop-up book)
I Can Write
Writing as Rosetta Stone
Because a little bug went ka-choo!
illustrated by Michael Frith. New York: Beginner Books, 1975
Film, television, and theater adaptations
of Seuss works
Horton Hatches the Egg: a 1942 Warner
Brothers cartoon, an early Seuss adaptation, which includes the elephant
(and his son, at the end) singing a popular nonsense tune of that time,
"The Hut-Sut Song".
The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T: a 1953
feature-length live-action movie, with sets that look like classic Seuss
drawings and screenplay by Dr. Seuss
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!: a 1966
animated television special by Chuck Jones for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Horton Hears a Who!: a 1970 animated
television special by Chuck Jones for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
The Cat in the Hat: a 1971 animated
television special by Friz Freleng for DePatie-Freleng Enterprises
The Lorax: a 1972 animated television
special by Friz Freleng for DePatie-Freleng Enterprises
Dr. Seuss on the Loose: a 1973 animated
television special by Friz Freleng for DePatie-Freleng Enterprises; this
special included the stories The Sneeches, The Zax, and Green Eggs and
Ham
The Hoober-Bloob Highway: a 1975 animated
television special by Friz Freleng for DePatie-Freleng Enterprises
Halloween Is Grinch Night: a 1977 animated
television special by Friz Freleng for DePatie-Freleng Enterprises
Pontoffel Pock, Where Are You?: a 1979
animated television special by Friz Freleng for DePatie-Freleng
Enterprises
The Grinch Grinches The Cat in the Hat: a
1982 animated television special by Friz Freleng for DePatie-Freleng
Enterprises and Marvel Productions Ltd.
Daisy-Head Mayzie: a 1995 animated
television special by Christopher O'Hare for Hanna-Barbera Productions
(posthumous)
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!: a 2001
feature-length live-action movie (posthumous)
Seussical: a 2001 Broadway musical
(posthumous)
The Cat in the Hat: a 2003 live-action film
(posthumous)
Further reading
Dr. Seuss From Then to Now (New York:
Random House, 1987; ISBN 0394892682) is a biographical retrospective
published for the exhibit of the same title at the San Diego Museum of
Art
The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss by Audrey
Geisel (New York: Random House, 1995; ISBN 0679434488) contains many
full-color reproductions of Geisel's private, previously unpublished
artwork.
Dr. Seuss Goes to War: The World War II
Editorial Cartoons of Theodor Seuss Geisel, a selection with commentary
by Richard Minnear (New Press, 2001; ISBN 1565847040).
The Seuss, the Whole Seuss and Nothing But
the Seuss : A Visual Biography of Theodor Seuss Geisel by Charles Cohen
(Random House Books for Young Readers, 2004; ISBN 0375822488).
The Tough Coughs as he Ploughs the Dough :
Early works of Dr. Seuss (also includes autobiographical material); ISBN
0688065481
****
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